By Ivan Kesic

• Mahallat produces a remarkable variety of ornamental plants and is widely known as the Netherlands of Iran, with 40 percent of the town's population working as growers, sellers, or in jobs tied to the flower industry.
• Its hot springs form part of a scientifically significant geothermal system, with a subsurface reservoir estimated at approximately 90°C while the bathing pools range from 32°C to 48°C, drawing visitors for generations to the mineral-rich waters.
• The same geology that heats the springs also produces travertine, making Mahallat and nearby Nimvar important centers of Iran's building-stone industry.

In the central Iranian province of Markazi, the town of Mahallat is known for its mesmerising landscapes and economic traditions rarely associated with a single destination anywhere else.

Extensive greenhouses and flower farms have earned it the reputation of one of Iran's principal centers for ornamental plants, with some calling it the Netherlands of Iran.

Mineral-rich hot springs attract visitors seeking relaxation and traditional wellness experiences, while a powerful natural spring gives the town one of its best-known recreational spaces.

Beyond the cultivated landscape, quarries and travertine deposits reveal a geological history that has also made Mahallat an important center of Iran's building-stone industry.

These features are interconnected elements of the town's development, where water sustains agriculture, geology supports both mineral-water systems and commercially valuable stone deposits, and local producers have turned these natural advantages into sources of employment, trade and regional recognition.

Place shaped by water

Mahallat lies in Markazi Province, east of Arak and west of Delijan cities, an oasis where one must traverse arid lands to reach the destination.

The first thing that strikes visitors on arrival is rows of tall, ancient trees along each side of the streets, with boulevards designed with flowers.

Water is central to Mahallat's identity. The natural spring known as Sar Cheshmeh, in the northern part of the town, feeds a well-known park and recreational area.

Its flow has historically supported settlement and agriculture, and the spring supplies drinking water as well as water for irrigation of flower gardens.

Visitors can spend hours near the spring enjoying the cool weather under the shadow of the trees.

The park has developed into a managed leisure destination with visitor facilities and food outlets, illustrating how a natural water source can acquire a wider social role and become part of a town's collective identity rather than serving only a practical need.

City of flowers

Mahallat is widely known as the City of Flowers and Plants and is frequently compared with the Netherlands because of its extensive ornamental-plant production.

Professional floriculture dates back 88 years, when a worker named Yahyakhan learned about growing flowers from his Dutch foreman in Tehran and brought the knowledge to his birthplace.

Today, 40 percent of Mahallat's population are growers or sellers of flowers or engaged in jobs indirectly associated with the industry.

The Flower Village in the south of Mahallat and Mahallat's Garden of Flowers are highly recommended to visitors, with more than 300 greenhouses where all types of flowers, even the rarest, are found, such that the scent of flowers is everywhere.

The city also has the country's largest cactus farm, with cactuses of diverse shapes and colors. Mahallat's reputation depends on more than cultivation alone.

Producing flowers for commercial markets requires propagation, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, sorting, packaging and transport, and perishable flowers must reach buyers in suitable condition.

Greenhouse owners, agricultural workers, suppliers, transport operators and wholesalers all contribute to the chain linking local cultivation with consumers elsewhere in Iran.

The greenhouses are productive workplaces and sources of income, while the plants themselves have become a symbol through which Mahallat presents its identity to visitors.

Florists of Mahallat are among the world's most professional, and the gladiolus produced in the city is the world's most durable flower.

Mahallat won an award for producing fresh gladiolus at an international exhibition in Osaka, Japan, where Iran competed with veteran producers from the Netherlands.

The annual flower-and-plant festival, traditionally held for several days in late August, showcases flowers and plants while introducing visitors to the region's horticultural capacity.

Hot springs: Geology, water and wellness

Mahallat's hot springs lie approximately 15 kilometers northeast of the town, near the slopes of Kuh-e Khorzan. The area is known as Ab-e Garm-e Mahallat and contains several mineral-water sources that have attracted visitors for generations.

The springs are as important as the town's flowers, and the temperature reaches 50 degrees centigrade in the spa, which has therapeutic properties due to various minerals found in the water.

The springs are scientifically interesting because they are part of a broader geothermal system.

Geological structures, faults, warm springs and extensive travertine outcrops are important evidence of geothermal activity, and analysis suggests a shallow geothermal reservoir with a temperature of approximately 90°C.

This subsurface estimate is not the temperature of water in the visitor pools, since surface temperatures are substantially lower, with studies reporting ranges from 32°C to 48°C and a mean of approximately 46°C for five springs used by visitors.

Differences in sampling, locations and methods explain why published temperatures are not always identical.

The geological explanation involves groundwater moving through fractured rocks and interacting with heat at depth. Faults and fractures provide pathways through which water circulates, warms and returns to the surface.

The region lacks young volcanic rocks, and radioactive decay in extensive granitic rocks is discussed as a possible heat source. Published research describes the waters as acidic-sulphate types, while other sources report calcium and sulphate components.

For generations, visitors have associated hot-water bathing with relief from muscle tension, stiffness and general discomfort, forming an important part of the region's wellness-tourism tradition.

Traditional use and visitor testimony should be distinguished from clinical evidence, since the presence of minerals does not establish that bathing can cure rheumatic, kidney, liver, skin or other diseases.

People with medical conditions, cardiovascular problems, pregnancy-related concerns or sensitivity to heat should seek medical advice before using very warm pools.

The hot springs are best understood as a combination of geothermal heritage, recreational bathing and traditional wellness culture.

Travertine and the stone-mining landscape

The same geological setting that explains Mahallat's hot springs also underpins its building-stone industry. The region is known for travertine, a carbonate rock formed when mineral-rich water deposits calcium carbonate.

As groundwater reaches the surface and changes temperature or loses dissolved carbon dioxide, minerals precipitate and gradually accumulate, and over time these deposits may develop into substantial rock bodies that can be quarried and processed for construction.

Travertine is valued in architecture for its color variations, natural textures and suitability for cutting into slabs and blocks.

Depending on its formation and processing, the stone may display bands, pores and distinctive patterns, characteristics that have made travertine an important material for building facades, flooring and decorative surfaces in Iran and international markets.

Mahallat and nearby Nimvar are significant centers of the stone industry, linking extraction sites with cutting and processing facilities.

One field study examined 29 travertine quarries and 18 stone-cutting and processing units in the region, where modern diamond-wire cutting methods were widely used.

The stone industry contributes to local employment through quarrying, cutting, finishing, transport, machinery maintenance and trade, and trade exhibitions dedicated to stone have provided venues for presenting different varieties and promoting commercial relationships.

However, the economic benefits of quarrying must be considered alongside environmental concerns, since quarrying can change the appearance of hillsides, generate waste rock and dust, and place pressure on surrounding land and water systems.

Local reporting has raised concerns about the potential effects of nearby mining on the flow of the hot springs, while also recording disagreements over how quarrying should be regulated.

Experiencing Mahallat as a visitor

A visit to Mahallat can combine several experiences rather than concentrating on one attraction.

Sar Cheshmeh is a natural starting point for exploring the town's relationship with water, while the hot-spring area northeast of the town offers a different environment centered on geothermal water and bathing facilities.

Visitors interested in horticulture can explore the town's flower-growing identity, while those drawn to geology may find the stone-working landscape and local exhibitions equally revealing.

The surrounding countryside also provides opportunities to visit historic sites such as Khurheh, and because these attractions are spread across the district, visitors should check distances, road conditions and access rules before traveling, since commercial greenhouses and active quarries are workplaces, not automatically public tourist sites.

Seasonality matters, with the flower festival traditionally taking place in late summer. One-day tours are very helpful in reducing the stress and anxiety that come from living in large cities.

Taking a bath with warm water reduces stress and helps people relax, helps detoxify the body and reduces the risk of infectious diseases, while floating in mineral waters two hours before going to bed leads to a better night's sleep.

Spas help relieve joint pain by reducing pressure on muscles and bones, and those using spas regularly are less likely to develop arthritis; the spa also reduces blood pressure and is recommended to those suffering from hypertension.

Travelers should also be mindful of practical health considerations, since visitors can develop allergies from flowers' pollen during the growing season.